Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) caused by arylsulfatase A deficiency is a lysosomal storage disorder that is characterized by leukodystrophy and progressive neurologic dysfunction. Approximately 50-60% of patients have the late-infantile form with onset usually between one and two years, 20-30% of patients have the juvenile form with onset between 4 years and puberty, and 15-20% of patients have the adult form. The late-infantile form is the most severe with loss of previously acquired skills, optic atrophy, ataxia, dementia, seizures and spastic quadriparesis. In the juvenile form, the initial symptoms are usually declining school performance and the onset of behavioral problems. Clumsiness, gait problems, slurred speech, incontinence, bizarre behavior and seizures are also observed. In some adult patients, problems in school and/or work performance, personality changes and emotional lability may be presenting symptoms, and in others neurologic symptoms including weakness, loss of coordination, seizures and peripheral neuropathy may be the first signs of disease. All forms eventually result in the complete loss of motor and intellectual functions with the disease course ranging from 3-10 years in the late- infantile form and up to 20 years in the juvenile and adult forms. Life span is usually inversely correlated with the age of onset. The disease prevalence is estimated at between 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 160,000 with a higher prevalence in some populations including Habbanite Jews in Israel, Israeli Arabs, Christian Israeli Arabs and the Navajo Nation in the United States.

Tests Available

Forms and Documents

Test Info Sheet Test Requisition Form

Test Details

ARSA
  • Confirmation of biochemical diagnosis
  • Carrier testing
  • Prenatal diagnosis in at risk pregnancies
  • Capillary Sequencing

Ordering

563
4-5 weeks
2-5 mL Blood - Lavender Top Tube
Oral Rinse (30-40 mL)|Buccal Swabs

Billing

81405x1
No
Yes
  • 330.1 Tay-Sachs disease hexosaminidase A deficiency; Cerebral lipidoses
* For price inquiries please email zebras@genedx.com

References

  1. Harvey et al., (1998) Hum Mol Genet 7 :1215-1219.
  2. Gieselmann et al., (1994) Hum Mutat 4:233-242.
  3. Eng et al., (2003) Hum Mutat 22:418-9.
  4. Bertelli et al., (2006) J Clin Neurosci 13:442-448.
  5. Eng et al., (2004) Am J Med Genet A 128A:95-7.
  6. Biffi et al., (2008) Clin Genet 74:349-357.
  7. Grossi et al., (2008) Hum Mutat 29:E220-30.
  8. Fluharty, A. (Updated [Sept. 30, 2008]) Arylsulfatase A Deficiency. In: GeneReviews at Genetests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1997-2011. Available at http://www.genetests.org.

Forms and Documents

Test Requisition Test Info Sheet Fact Sheet Gene List

Test Details

AARS, AARS2, ABAT, ABCD1, ACADS, ACER3, ACOX1, ACY1, ADAR, ADGRG1, ADSL, AHDC1, AIMP1, ALDH3A2, ALDH6A1, AMN, AMPD2, ANK3, AP4B1, AP4S1, APOPT1, ARHGAP31, ARHGEF10, ARNT2, ARSA, ASNS, ASPA, ASXL1, AUH, BCAP31, BCS1L, BEST1, BMP4, BRAT1, CARS2, CCDC88A, CHMP2B, CLCN2, CLN6, CLP1, COL4A1, COL4A2, COX10, COX15, COX7B, CPLX1, CSF1R, CTBP1, CTC1, CTDP1, CYP27A1, CYP7B1, D2HGDH, DAG1, DARS, DARS2, DDHD2, DEAF1, DHFR, DHH, DLL4, DNM2, DOCK6, DPYS, DYRK1A, EARS2, EDNRB, EGR2, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4, EIF2B5, ENTPD1, EPG5, ERCC2, ERCC6, ERCC8, FA2H, FAM126A, FBXL4, FGD4, FGFRL1, FIG4, FKRP, FOXC1, FOXG1, FOXRED1, GAA, GALC, GAN, GBE1, GCDH, GDAP1, GFAP, GFM1 (EFG1), GJA1, GJB1, GJC2, GLB1, GLUL, GLYCTK, GNAO1, GRM7, GRN, HEPACAM, HEXA, HSD17B4, HSPD1, HTRA1, IBA57, IDUA, IER3IP1, IFIH1, ISCA2, ITPA, KARS, KCNJ10, KCNT1, L2HGDH, LAMA1, LAMA2, LAMB1, LARGE1, LETM1, LIPT1, LITAF, LMNB1, LRPPRC, LYRM7, MAPT, MARS2, MAT1A, MCOLN1, MEF2C, MLC1, MOCS1, MOCS2, MPV17, MPZ, MRPS22, MTFMT, MTTP, MUT, NADK2, NDRG1, NDUFA1, NDUFA10, NDUFA11, NDUFA12, NDUFA2, NDUFA9, NDUFAF2, NDUFAF3 (C3ORF60), NDUFAF4 (C6ORF66), NDUFAF5, NDUFAF6, NDUFB3, NDUFB9, NDUFS1, NDUFS2, NDUFS3, NDUFS4, NDUFS6, NDUFS7, NDUFS8, NDUFV1, NDUFV2, NDUFV3, NEFL, NFU1, NGLY1, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, NRXN1, NSD2, NUBPL, OCRL, PAFAH1B1, PC, PCDH12, PDYN, PEX1, PEX10, PEX11B, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX2, PEX26, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX7, PGAP1, PHGDH, PHYH, PIGA, PLEKHG2, PLP1, PMP22, POLG, POLR1C, POLR3A, POLR3B, POMK, POMT1, PPP2R1A, PRKDC, PRPS1, PRX, PSAP, PSEN1, PTEN, PURA, PYCR2, QARS, RARS, RBPJ, RMND1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, RNASET2, RNF216, RPIA, RPS6KC1, SAMHD1, SBF2, SCP2, SDHA, SDHAF1, SDHB, SDHD, SEPSECS, SH3TC2, SHANK3, SHPK, SLC16A2, SLC17A5 , SLC1A4, SLC25A1, SLC25A12, SLC25A22, SLC33A1, SLC35A2, SLC46A1, SLC6A8, SNIP1, SOX10, SPATA5, SPG11, SPG20, SPTAN1, SQSTM1, SSR4, STAMBP, STAT1, STXBP1, SUMF1, SURF1, SYNE1, TACO1, TAF2, TARS2, TM4SF20, TMEM126B, TMEM165, TMEM187, TMEM70, TRAPPC9, TREM2, TREX1, TRMT10A, TRMT5, TSC1, TSEN54, TUBB2A, TUBB4A, TUFM, TYMP, TYROBP, UBE2A, UPB1, VARS2, VCP, VPS11, WWOX, ZEB2, ZFYVE26, ZNF335
  • Molecular confirmation of a clinical diagnosis
  • To assist with decisions about treatment and management of individuals with leukodystrophy or leukoencephalopathy
  • Testing of at-risk relatives for specific known variant(s) previously identified in an affected family member
  • Prenatal diagnosis for known familial pathogenic variant(s) in at-risk pregnancies
  • Next-Gen Sequencing

Ordering

J853
6 weeks
2-5 mL Blood - Lavender Top Tube
Oral Rinse (30-40 mL)|Buccal Swabs

Billing

81404x5, 81405x6, 81406x5, 81401x1
Yes
Yes
* For price inquiries please email zebras@genedx.com

References

  1. Vanderver A et al. Leukodystrophy Overview. 2014 Feb 6. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK184570/.
  2. Bonkowsky et al. (2010) Neurology 75 (8):718-25 (PMID: 20660364)
  3. Heim P, Claussen M, Hoffmann B, Conzelmann E, Gärtner J, Harzer K, Hunneman DH, Köhler W, Kurlemann G, Kohlschütter A. Leukodystrophy incidence in Germany. Am J Med Genet. 1997;71:475–8 (PMID: 9286459).
  4. Zou et al. Whole exome sequencing: an effective and comprehensive genetic testing approach for leukodystrophy [abstract submitted] To be presented at the 2017 ASHG Annual Genetics Meeting, October 17-21, Orlando, FL.